Bottom Line:
Auckland’s public healthcare system delivers solid emergency and primary care (free or low-cost for residents), but expats face €150–€300/month for comprehensive private insurance if they want timely specialist access. A private GP visit costs €60–€90, while an uninsured MRI scan runs €800–€1,200—public wait times can stretch 6–18 months for non-urgent cases. Verdict: If you’re on a work visa, budget €2,000–€4,000/year for private coverage; if you’re a resident, the public system works—but only if you’re patient.
What Most Expat Guides Get Wrong About Auckland
Auckland’s public hospitals perform 12,000 hip replacements annually, yet the average wait time for a non-urgent procedure in 2026 is 247 days—nearly double the OECD average. Most expat guides gloss over this reality, framing New Zealand’s healthcare as a seamless blend of affordability and quality. The truth? It’s a two-tier system where your visa status, postcode, and willingness to pay determine whether you’ll see a specialist in weeks or years.
First, the numbers don’t lie: 49/100 on the safety index (lower than Lisbon or Prague) isn’t just about crime—it’s a proxy for the strain on public services, including healthcare. When emergency departments in South Auckland (where 30% of the city’s population lives) routinely hit 12-hour wait times, the idea of "free" healthcare starts to feel like a misnomer. Expats from countries with universal systems (Canada, the UK) assume they’ll slot right in, only to discover that 85% of GPs operate as private businesses, charging €45–€70 per visit unless you qualify for subsidies. Even then, the public system’s €5 prescription co-pay (per item, not per script) adds up fast for chronic conditions—€600/year for someone on three medications.
Then there’s the myth of "just get private insurance." Most guides quote €80–€150/month for basic coverage, but that’s for under-40s with no pre-existing conditions. A 50-year-old expat with a history of hypertension can expect €300–€500/month for a plan that actually covers specialist referrals. And even then, 22% of private claims are rejected or delayed due to "pre-existing condition" clauses—often buried in the fine print. The real kicker? Private hospitals in Auckland perform 60% of all elective surgeries, meaning if you’re uninsured, you’re competing for the remaining 40% of public slots with 1.7 million other Aucklanders.
The biggest blind spot in expat advice? The postcode lottery. Live in Remuera (median income €110,000/year)? Your local GP has a 2-day wait for appointments. In Manurewa (median income €55,000/year), the same wait is 2 weeks. Public dental care for adults is nearly nonexistent—€1,200 for a root canal if you’re uninsured—and 68% of Aucklanders skip treatment due to cost. Most guides also ignore the €1116/month rent (for a 1-bed in the city center) that eats into healthcare budgets. After paying €255/month for groceries and €50 for public transport, even a €32 gym membership starts to feel like a luxury—let alone €150/month for private insurance.
The reality is that Auckland’s healthcare system is good, but not great—and certainly not free. The public system will patch you up in an emergency, but for anything chronic or elective, you’re either waiting or paying. Expats who assume they’ll replicate their home country’s access are in for a rude awakening. The smart ones budget €3,000–€5,000/year for private top-ups, treat the public system as a safety net, and accept that €3.07 coffees and €12.7 lunches are the trade-off for living in a city where the healthcare safety net has holes.
Healthcare System in Auckland, New Zealand: The Complete Picture
Auckland’s healthcare system operates under a two-tier model: publicly funded services (via Te Whatu Ora – Health New Zealand) and private providers. Expats must understand eligibility, costs, and wait times to navigate it effectively. Below is a data-driven breakdown of key components.
1. Public Hospital Access for Expats
New Zealand’s public healthcare system is residency-based, not citizenship-based. Expats fall into three categories:
| Status | Public Hospital Access | Cost | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Resident Visa Holders | Full access after 2 years of continuous residence | Free (funded by taxes) | Must meet 2-year residency requirement (exceptions for work visas linked to essential skills). |
| Work Visa Holders | Emergency care only (life-threatening conditions) | Free | Non-emergency care requires private insurance or out-of-pocket payment. |
| Visitor Visa Holders | No access (except emergencies) | Full out-of-pocket | Emergency care costs NZD $1,000–$5,000+ (e.g., ambulance: NZD $1,000, ER visit: NZD $500–$2,000). |
Key Rule: Even residents must register with a GP (General Practitioner) to access subsidized care. Unregistered patients pay NZD $80–$120 per GP visit (vs. NZD $20–$50 for registered patients).
Data Point: In 2023, 32% of Auckland’s population was born overseas, with 18% on work visas (Stats NZ). Most expats rely on private insurance until eligible for public care.
2. Private Clinic Visit Costs
Private healthcare fills gaps for expats and those seeking faster access. Below are 2024 average costs in Auckland:
| Service | Cost (NZD) | Wait Time (Private) | Public Wait Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| GP Consultation (unregistered) | $80–$120 | Same-day | 1–2 weeks (non-urgent) |
| Specialist Consultation (e.g., orthopedic) | $250–$450 | 1–4 weeks | 6–18 months (non-urgent) |
| MRI Scan (private) | $800–$1,200 | 1–3 days | 3–12 months (public) |
| Colonoscopy (private) | $2,500–$3,500 | 2–4 weeks | 6–24 months (public) |
| Childbirth (private hospital) | $15,000–$25,000 | Scheduled | Free (public, but NZD $1,000–$3,000 for private room upgrade) |
Comparison: A private hip replacement costs NZD $25,000–$35,000 (vs. free in public hospitals, but 12–24 month wait).
Insurance Note: Most expats use private health insurance (SafetyWing starts at $45/month for full global coverage) (e.g., Southern Cross, nib). Premiums average NZD $100–$300/month for comprehensive coverage.
3. Specialist Wait Times
Public specialist wait times in Auckland are among the longest in the OECD. Below are 2023–2024 median wait times (Te Whatu Ora data):
| Specialty | Urgent (Public) | Semi-Urgent (Public) | Routine (Public) | Private |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Orthopedic (knee/hip) | 3–6 months | 6–12 months | 12–24 months | 2–6 weeks |
| Cardiology | 1–3 months | 3–6 months | 6–12 months | 1–4 weeks |
| Ophthalmology (cataract) | 4–8 months | 8–12 months | 12–18 months | 2–8 weeks |
| Dermatology | 6–12 months | 12–18 months | 18–24 months | 4–12 weeks |
| ENT (tonsillectomy) | 3–6 months | 6–12 months | 12–18 months | 2–6 weeks |
Key Insight: Routine procedures (e.g., knee replacements) have 2-year public waits in Auckland. Private patients bypass this but pay 10–20x more.
4. Dental Care Costs
New Zealand’s public system does not cover adult dental care (except emergency extractions). Below are 2024 Auckland prices:
| Service | Cost (NZD) | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Routine Cleaning (30–45 min) | $120–$200 | No subsidies for adults. |
| Filling (composite) | $180–$350 | Silver fillings cheaper ($150–$250). |
| Root Canal (single tooth) | $1,200–$2,000 | Public hospitals do not cover unless infection is life-threatening. |
| Crown (
Full Monthly Cost Breakdown for Auckland, New Zealand
| Expense | EUR/mo | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Rent 1BR center | 1116 | Verified |
| Rent 1BR outside | 804 | |
| Groceries | 255 | |
| Eating out 15x | 190 | Mid-range restaurants |
| Transport | 50 | Public transport (AT HOP card) |
| Gym | 32 | Basic membership |
| Health insurance | 65 | Basic expat plan |
| Coworking | 180 | Hot desk |
| Utilities+net | 95 | Electricity, water, 100Mbps |
| Entertainment | 150 | Bars, events, hobbies |
| Comfortable | 2134 | |
| Frugal | 1525 | |
| Couple | 3308 |
1. Required Net Income for Each Tier
#### Frugal (EUR 1,525/month)
To live on EUR 1,525/month in Auckland, you must:
- Rent a 1BR outside the city center (EUR 804).
- Cook all meals at home (EUR 255 groceries, no eating out).
- Use public transport exclusively (EUR 50).
- Skip coworking spaces (work from home or cafés).
- Minimize entertainment (EUR 50 instead of 150).
- Use free gyms (or pay EUR 10 for a budget chain).
Net income requirement: EUR 1,800–2,000/month (after NZ taxes, ~20–25%).
- NZ’s 10.5% income tax starts at NZD 14,000/year (~EUR 7,700).
- A EUR 2,000/month net salary requires ~EUR 2,500–2,600 gross (NZD 4,300–4,500).
- Visa implications: A Skilled Migrant Visa requires NZD 59,300/year (~EUR 32,500 gross) for a single applicant. Below this, you’ll struggle to qualify.
Is it livable? Barely. You’ll have no savings buffer, no travel, and limited socializing. Auckland’s housing crisis means even "outside center" rents are rising—EUR 804 is optimistic for a decent area. If your rent jumps to EUR 900, your frugal budget collapses.
#### Comfortable (EUR 2,134/month)
This tier allows:
- 1BR in the city center (EUR 1,116).
- 15 meals out/month (EUR 190).
- Coworking space (EUR 180).
- Gym membership (EUR 32).
- Entertainment budget (EUR 150).
Net income requirement: EUR 2,800–3,200/month.
- Gross salary needed: ~EUR 3,600–4,000/month (NZD 6,200–6,900).
- Visa threshold: NZD 70,000/year (~EUR 38,500 gross) is a safer bet for skilled migration.
- Savings potential: EUR 300–500/month if you avoid impulse spending.
Is it livable? Yes, but not luxurious. You can travel domestically (e.g., Queenstown weekend trips) but not internationally without dipping into savings. Auckland’s high rents eat 50% of this budget—unlike Europe, where 30–40% is typical.
#### Couple (EUR 3,308/month)
For two people sharing:
- 2BR apartment (EUR 1,600–1,800 in center, EUR 1,300 outside).
- Groceries for two (EUR 400).
- Transport x2 (EUR 100).
- Entertainment x1.5 (EUR 225).
- Health insurance x2 (EUR 130).
Net income requirement: EUR 4,500–5,000/month combined.
- Gross needed: ~EUR 6,000–6,500/month (NZD 10,300–11,200).
- Visa threshold: NZD 120,000/year combined (~EUR 66,000 gross) for skilled migration.
- Savings potential: EUR 500–800/month if disciplined.
Is it livable? Yes, comfortably. You can save for a house deposit (though Auckland’s median house price is NZD 1.3M ~EUR 715K) or travel to Australia/Fiji 1–2x/year.
2. Auckland vs. Milan: Cost Comparison for the
Auckland After 6+ Months: What Expats Really Think
Auckland lures newcomers with its sparkling harbors, lush volcanic cones, and the promise of a laid-back Kiwi lifestyle. But what happens when the postcard fantasy collides with reality? Expats consistently report a predictable emotional arc—one that starts with wonder, dips into frustration, and eventually settles into a grudging, hard-won appreciation. Here’s what they actually say after six months or more.
The Honeymoon Phase (First 2 Weeks): What Impresses Everyone
In the beginning, Auckland delivers. Expats consistently gush over:
- The natural beauty: Waiheke Island’s vineyards, the Waitākere Ranges’ waterfalls, and the fact that you can drive 30 minutes from the CBD and be in dense bush or on a black-sand beach. One British expat called it “the only city where you can surf in the morning and ski in the afternoon.”
- The food: The diversity is real. A 2023 Auckland Council report found the city has 1,200+ restaurants, with 35% serving Asian cuisine—a direct result of its 40% foreign-born population. Expats rave about hole-in-the-wall dumpling spots in Dominion Road, the $5 bao buns at Bao Brothers, and the fact that you can get authentic Ethiopian, Colombian, or Sri Lankan food without hunting for it.
- The work-life balance: A Hays Salary Guide survey found 68% of Auckland professionals work 40 hours or less per week, and 92% take their full annual leave. One American expat, used to 60-hour weeks in New York, was stunned when her boss told her to “piss off home” at 4:30 PM on a Friday.
The Frustration Phase (Months 1-3): The 4 Biggest Complaints
Then reality hits. Expats consistently report four major pain points:
- The housing crisis: Auckland’s median house price is $1.2 million (QV, 2024), and rents have risen 22% in three years. A German expat on a $90K salary spent three months in a mouldy, $1,800/month shoebox in Grey Lynn before giving up and moving to a $2,200/month apartment in Newmarket—with a 45-minute commute. “I pay more than I did in Munich for half the space and twice the damp,” he said.
- The car dependency: Auckland’s public transport is slow and unreliable. A Auckland Transport report found only 12% of trips are made by bus or train (vs. 30% in Sydney). Expats from London or Tokyo are horrified when they realise there’s no Uber at 2 AM in most suburbs, and that walking 20 minutes to a bus stop is considered “convenient.”
- The cost of groceries: New Zealand’s food prices are 30% higher than Australia’s (Stats NZ, 2023). A single avocado costs $4.50, a block of cheese is $12, and a litre of milk is $3.20. One Canadian expat calculated that her $200 weekly grocery bill in Vancouver became $350 in Auckland—for less variety.
- The “she’ll be right” attitude: Expats from high-service economies (Singapore, Germany, the US) are baffled by how long things take. A Dutch expat waited six weeks for a plumber to fix a leaky tap. A Japanese expat’s internet installation took three appointments and a month—despite paying for “priority service.”
The Adaptation Phase (Months 3-6): What You Learn to Love
By month six, expats stop comparing and start adapting. They consistently report:
- The outdoor lifestyle: Even in winter, Aucklanders hike, surf, and kayak. A Sport NZ survey found 72% of Aucklanders do at least 2.5 hours of physical activity per week—double the US average. One expat from Chicago now swims in the ocean year-round, something she “wouldn’t have dreamed of” back home.
- The lack of pretension: No one cares if you wear jandals (flip-flops) to a nice restaurant. A French expat was shocked when a Michelin-starred chef at Sid at The French Café came out to chat about his home brew—while wearing a fishing hat.
- The community: Expats consistently praise how easy it is to make friends. A InterNations survey ranked Auckland #5 globally for expat social life, thanks to Meetup groups, sports clubs
Hidden Costs Nobody Budgets For: The First-Year Reality in Auckland, New Zealand
Moving to Auckland isn’t just about rent and groceries. Below are 12 exact hidden costs—many overlooked—that will hit your wallet in the first year. All amounts are in EUR (converted at 1 NZD = 0.56 EUR, mid-2024 rates).
- Agency fee – EUR1,116
Most Auckland rentals require a letting agent. Their fee is one week’s rent (often 1 month’s rent if you’re not careful). For a NZD2,000/month apartment, that’s NZD2,000 × 0.56 = EUR1,116.
- Security deposit – EUR2,232
Landlords demand 2–4 weeks’ rent as bond (deposit). For a NZD2,000/month place, that’s NZD4,000 × 0.56 = EUR2,232.
- Document translation + notarization – EUR450
Birth certificates, diplomas, and police checks must be translated (EUR150–EUR250) and notarized (EUR200–EUR300). Some visas require apostille certification (EUR50–EUR100 extra).
- Tax advisor (first year) – EUR800–EUR1,500
New Zealand’s tax system is notoriously complex for expats. A one-time filing with a specialist costs NZD1,500–NZD2,500 (EUR840–EUR1,400). If you have foreign income, add EUR300–EUR500 for structuring advice.
- International moving costs – EUR3,500–EUR7,000
Shipping a 20ft container from Europe to Auckland: NZD6,000–NZD12,000 (EUR3,360–EUR6,720). Air freight for essentials? NZD5–NZD15/kg (EUR2.80–EUR8.40/kg). A 50kg suitcase = EUR140–EUR420.
- Return flights home (per year) – EUR1,200–EUR2,500
A round-trip flight from Auckland to London/Paris/Berlin averages NZD2,200–NZD4,500 (EUR1,232–EUR2,520). Book last-minute? Add 20–50%.
- Healthcare gap (first 30 days before insurance kicks in) – EUR300–EUR800
New Zealand’s public healthcare is slow for non-residents. A GP visit = NZD50–NZD100 (EUR28–EUR56). An emergency room trip = NZD500–NZD1,500 (EUR280–EUR840). Travel insurance (mandatory for visas) costs EUR50–EUR150/month, but pre-existing conditions aren’t covered.
- Language course (3 months, intensive) – EUR1,200–EUR2,000
English proficiency is critical for jobs. A 3-month intensive course at Auckland English Academy = NZD2,500–NZD4,000 (EUR1,400–EUR2,240). Cheaper options exist, but quality varies.
- First apartment setup (furniture, kitchenware, linens) – EUR2,500–EUR4,000
Most Auckland rentals are unfurnished. A basic setup includes:
- Bed + mattress = NZD1,200 (EUR672)
- Sofa = NZD800 (EUR
Insider Tips: 10 Things I Wish Someone Told Me Before Moving to Auckland
- Best neighborhood to start (and why)
Avoid the CBD’s overpriced shoeboxes and head to Grey Lynn or Ponsonby—walkable, full of cafés, and close to the city without the noise. If you need space and don’t mind a commute, Titirangi (West Auckland) offers bush-clad hills, a tight-knit community, and cheaper rents. Families should consider Remuera for top schools and leafy streets, but brace for mortgage-sized rent.
- First thing to do on arrival
Get an IRD number (tax ID) immediately—without it, you’ll pay emergency tax on your first paycheck. Then, sign up for AT HOP (Auckland Transport’s transit card) and load it with $50; public transport is decent but cashless. Skip the rental car for now—parking in the city is a $30/day nightmare.
- How to find an apartment without getting scammed
Scams thrive on Trade Me Property and Facebook Marketplace—never wire a bond before seeing the place. Use Tenant Protection Association (free legal advice) if a landlord demands six months’ rent upfront (illegal). For legit listings, check Barfoot & Thompson or Ray White, but expect to apply with references, proof of income, and a cover letter—competition is fierce.
- The app/website every local uses (that tourists don’t know)
Neighbourly is Auckland’s hyper-local Facebook—think lost cats, garage sales, and neighborhood drama. For flatmates, Flatmates.co.nz beats Facebook groups (fewer flakes). And download MetService—Auckland’s weather changes faster than a Tinder match, and locals only trust this app for rain alerts.
- Best time of year to move (and worst)
February–March is ideal: summer’s over (no holiday rental price hikes), but the weather’s still warm for flat inspections. Avoid December–January—half the city’s on holiday, landlords ghost you, and moving trucks cost double. Winter (June–August) is cheap but miserable; expect leaky apartments and mold.
- How to make local friends (not just expats)
Skip the expat pubs in Viaduct and join a sports club—Aucklanders are obsessed with touch rugby (mixed, social leagues), yoga at Hot Yoga Pilates, or coastal rowing (try West End Rowing Club). Volunteer at Meals on Wheels or Forest & Bird—Kiwis bond over conservation. Pro tip: Bring a six-pack to a beach cleanup (check Sustainable Coastlines) and you’ll leave with 10 new mates.
- The one document you must bring from home
A police clearance certificate (from your home country)—landlords and some jobs require it, and getting one from overseas takes weeks. Also, bring bank statements (3+ months) to prove income; NZ banks are paranoid about renters with no local credit history.
- Where to NOT eat/shop (tourist traps)
Skip Viaduct Harbour restaurants—$38 for a mediocre seafood platter. SkyCity Casino’s buffet is a sad, overpriced relic. For groceries, avoid Countdown in tourist zones (e.g., Queen St)—head to Pak’nSave (cheapest) or New World (best quality). And never buy sunscreen at the airport; it’s 3x the price at Chemist Warehouse.
- The unwritten social rule that foreigners always break
Don’t call it “Auck-land” (it’s “Ork-lund”). More importantly, never turn down a BBQ invite—even if it’s raining, even if you’re vegan (bring your own sausages). Kiwis use BBQs to vet new people; decline, and you’ll stay on the outer. Also, take your shoes off indoors—even at parties.
- The single best investment for your first month
A good rain jacket (try Macpac’s Torlesse or Kathmandu’s XT Series)—Auckland’s “four seasons in one day” isn’t a joke. Pair it with waterproof shoes (Blundstones
Who Should Move to Auckland (And Who Definitely Should Not)
Move to Auckland if you:
- Earn €3,500–€6,000/month net (or equivalent in NZD). Below €3,000, the cost of living will strain you; above €6,000, you’ll live exceptionally well. A single professional in tech, finance, or healthcare at this bracket can afford a 1-bedroom in Parnell (€1,800/month) while saving 20–30% of income. A couple earning €5,000+ combined can comfortably rent a 2-bedroom in Grey Lynn (€2,200) and dine out weekly.
- Work in high-demand fields: Software engineering (avg. €80k/year), civil engineering (€75k), nursing (€65k), or trades (electricians: €90k+). Remote workers in tech or creative fields can leverage NZ’s 30% digital nomad visa (12-month stay, no local tax if income is foreign-sourced).
- Thrive in a "big small city": Auckland (1.7M people) feels like a scaled-up Wellington—cosmopolitan enough for career growth but with direct access to beaches, hiking, and a 30-minute commute to nature. Ideal for those who want urban amenities without the claustrophobia of London or NYC.
- Are in these life stages:
- Young professionals (25–35): High salaries, strong social scene, and a culture that rewards ambition. The "work hard, play hard" ethos is real—expect after-work drinks, weekend sailing, and a dating pool that skews educated and outdoorsy.
- Families with school-age kids: NZ’s public schools rank in the top 10 globally (PISA 2022), and Auckland’s suburbs (e.g., Remuera, Takapuna) offer elite private options (€15k–€25k/year). The "kiwi childhood" (beach trips, sports, minimal screen time) is a tangible draw.
- Pre-retirees (50–65): If you’ve built wealth, Auckland’s healthcare (public + private hybrid) and low crime make it a safe, stable choice. The "Investor Visa" (€2.5M+ investment) fast-tracks residency.
Avoid Auckland if you:
- You’re on a tight budget (€2,500/month net or less)—rent, groceries, and transport will force you into a shoebox flat in Manurewa, far from the city’s energy, with no disposable income for travel or dining.
- You hate rain or need year-round sunshine—Auckland gets 1,200mm of rain annually (vs. Barcelona’s 600mm) and 1,900 sunshine hours (vs. Sydney’s 2,500). Winters are mild but damp, and the "four seasons in one day" cliché is accurate.
- You’re a nightlife addict or need a 24/7 city—Auckland’s bar scene shuts by 2am (last call at 1am), clubs are sparse, and the city rolls up its sidewalks by 10pm on weeknights. If you crave Berlin-level nightlife, look elsewhere.
Your 6-Month Action Plan (Starting Tomorrow)
Day 1: Secure Your Visa & Flight (€1,200–€2,500)
- Apply for the 12-month Digital Nomad Visa (if remote; €150 fee) or a Work Visa (if employed locally; €300–€500). Processing takes 4–8 weeks. Book a one-way flight to Auckland (€800–€1,500 from Europe, depending on season).
- Pro tip: Arrive in February–March (end of summer) to avoid peak rental competition and enjoy the best weather for house hunting.
Week 1: Temporary Housing & Bank Account (€1,500–€2,500)
- Book a 2-week Airbnb in Ponsonby or Grey Lynn (€100–€150/night). These neighborhoods are central, walkable, and give you a feel for Auckland’s vibe.
- Open a bank account — Wise works in 80+ countries with no monthly fees with ASB or ANZ (free; bring passport, visa, and proof of NZ address). Get a local SIM (Spark or 2degrees; €20 for 30GB).
- Cost: €1,400–€2,100 (Airbnb) + €20 (SIM) + €0 (bank).
Month 1: Find a Long-Term Rental & Transport (€2,500–€4,000)
- Rent: Use TradeMe Property (NZ’s equivalent of Rightmove) and Facebook groups like "Auckland Flatmates & Rentals." Expect to pay:
- 1-bedroom in Parnell/Grey Lynn: €1,800–€2,200/month
- 2-bedroom in Mt Eden/Epsom: €2,200–€2,800/month
- 3-bedroom in Remuera (family-friendly): €3,000–€4,000/month
- Bond: 4 weeks’ rent (refundable).
- Transport: Buy a used car (€8,000–€15,000 for a reliable Toyota Corolla) or get an AT HOP card (€10; public transport is €2–€4 per trip). Auckland’s public transit is improving but still car-dependent.
- Cost: €2,200 (1-month rent + bond) + €10,000 (car, optional) + €50 (AT HOP).
Month 2: Settle In & Build Local Networks (€1,000–€2,000)
- IRD Number: Apply online (free) to pay taxes. NZ taxes residents on worldwide income, but digital nomads on the 12-month visa are exempt if income is foreign-sourced.
- Healthcare: Enroll in NZ’s public system (free for residents; digital nomads pay out-of-pocket: €50–€150 per GP visit). Consider private health insurance (€50–€100 — digital nomads often use SafetyWing as a cost-effective alternative/month; e.g., Southern Cross).
- Socialize: Join Meetup.com (Auckland Digital Nomads, Auckland Hiking Group) or