Safety in Bogotá: The Honest Neighborhood Guide for Expats 2026
Bottom Line: Bogotá’s safety score of 60/100 means you’ll trade some peace of mind for a city where a €2.30 tinto fuels your day, a €539 monthly rent in the right barrio gets you a stylish apartment, and €100/month covers your transport—if you know where to live. The real risk isn’t violent crime (which is concentrated in pockets) but the slow erosion of caution that comes from normalizing petty theft, unreliable policing, and the city’s relentless energy. Verdict: Worth it for the bold, exhausting for the risk-averse—pick your neighborhood like your life depends on it (because it does).
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What Most Expat Guides Get Wrong About Bogotá
Bogotá’s homicide rate dropped 37% between 2012 and 2024, yet expats still report feeling less safe here than in Medellín, where the murder rate is nearly identical. The disconnect isn’t in the data—it’s in the psychology. Most guides fixate on broad crime stats (60/100 safety score) or regurgitate the same five "safe" neighborhoods (Chapinero, Usaquén, Rosales) without explaining why those areas work—or how quickly safety degrades just three blocks away. They also ignore the €90/month gym memberships that double as social hubs, the 35 Mbps internet that’s fast enough for remote work but spotty in older buildings, and the €143/month groceries bill that balloons if you insist on imported cheese. The truth? Bogotá’s safety isn’t about avoiding crime entirely; it’s about engineering your daily routine to minimize exposure—and that starts with understanding the city’s invisible borders.
Most expat guides treat Bogotá like a static postcard: Here’s the historic center, here’s the nightlife, here’s where the rich live. But the city is a patchwork of micro-climates, where a 15-minute walk can take you from a €25 three-course lunch in a polished mall to a street where your phone gets snatched if you check it while waiting for the bus. The €100/month TransMilenio pass is a lifeline, but guides rarely explain how to navigate it without looking like a target—avoid the SITP feeder buses after dark, never board an empty articulated bus, and for God’s sake, don’t wear headphones. They also gloss over the €539 average rent, which buys you a modern apartment in Nueva Granada (safe, sterile, boring) or a charming but drafty colonial in La Candelaria (vibrant, dangerous after 8 PM, zero soundproofing). The real question isn’t Is Bogotá safe?—it’s How much inconvenience are you willing to tolerate to feel safe?
The biggest blind spot in expat advice? Assuming safety is binary. Bogotá doesn’t have "safe" and "unsafe" zones; it has degrees of risk, and those risks shift by time of day, mode of transport, and even how you carry yourself. A guide might tell you Usaquén is safe, but they won’t mention that the €2.30 coffee shops on 7th Street turn into a pickpocket’s paradise during the Sunday flea market, or that the €90/month gym in Chapinero Alto is a 10-minute walk from a block where muggings spike after 10 PM. They won’t explain how to read the city’s mood—how a sudden surge of police vans on Carrera 7th means a protest is brewing, or how the 35 Mbps internet in your apartment might cut out for hours during a thunderstorm. And they definitely won’t tell you that the 60/100 safety score is an average that includes both the gated communities of Santa Bárbara (where expats pay €539/month for a doorman and security cameras) and the San Victorino market (where your €25 meal might come with a side of harassment if you’re visibly foreign).
The final oversight? Underestimating how quickly Bogotá rewires your brain. After three months, you’ll stop flinching when a moto snatches a phone off a table (€1,200 replacement cost, not covered by insurance). After six, you’ll develop a sixth sense for which TransMilenio stations to avoid during rush hour (looking at you, Portal Norte). After a year, you’ll laugh when a guide calls Teusaquillo "up-and-coming"—it’s been "up-and-coming" since 2010, and the €143/month groceries there are still 20% cheaper than in Rosales. The city doesn’t just change you; it optimizes you—for vigilance, for adaptability, for knowing when to splurge on a €25 Uber Black instead of risking the €0.80 bus ride. Most expat guides treat Bogotá like a problem to solve. The locals know it’s a game to play—and the stakes are your wallet, your sanity, and sometimes your phone.
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Safety Deep Dive: The Complete Picture of Bogotá, Colombia
Bogotá’s safety reputation is a study in contrasts. While its safety score of 60/100 (Numbeo, 2024) places it below cities like Medellín (68/100) and Lima (65/100), it outperforms Caracas (22/100) and Rio de Janeiro (42/100). Crime is concentrated in specific districts, and understanding these patterns is critical for residents and visitors. Below, we break down crime statistics by district, high-risk areas, scams, police efficacy, and gender-specific night safety—all backed by hard data.
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Crime Statistics by District: Where Risk is Highest
Bogotá’s
20 localidades (districts) vary dramatically in safety. The
Secretaría de Seguridad, Convivencia y Justicia (2023) reports the following
per 100,000 inhabitants for key crimes:
| District | Homicides (2023) | Robberies (2023) | Theft (2023) | Safety Risk (1-10) |
|---|
| Ciudad Bolívar | 38.2 | 1,245 | 872 | 9 |
| San Cristóbal | 29.7 | 987 | 756 | 8 |
| Kennedy | 18.5 | 852 | 643 | 7 |
| Bosa | 15.3 | 721 | 589 | 6 |
| Chapinero | 8.1 | 456 | 321 | 5 |
| Usaquén | 3.2 | 210 | 187 | 3 |
| La Candelaria | 4.5 | 389 | 298 | 4 (tourist-targeted) |
Key Takeaways:
Ciudad Bolívar and San Cristóbal have homicide rates 12x and 9x higher than Usaquén, respectively.
Kennedy and Bosa account for 34% of Bogotá’s robberies, despite housing only 22% of the population.
La Candelaria, while low in homicides, has 4x the theft rate of Usaquén due to tourist density.
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3 Areas to Avoid (and Why)
#### 1. Ciudad Bolívar (South Bogotá) – Extreme Risk
Why? 38.2 homicides per 100,000 (vs. Bogotá average of 12.1).
Crime Drivers:
-
Gang control: The
Oficina de Envigado and
Clan del Golfo factions operate here, with
2023 data showing 47% of Bogotá’s gang-related homicides occurred in Ciudad Bolívar.
-
Armed robberies: 1,245 robberies per 100,000—
5x the rate of Chapinero.
-
No-go zones: Altos de Cazucá and
El Mochuelo are
de facto no-go areas for police, with
<10% arrest rates for violent crimes.
#### 2. San Cristóbal (Southeast) – High Violent Crime
Why? 29.7 homicides per 100,000—2.5x the city average.
Crime Drivers:
-
Microtrafficking: 68% of Bogotá’s cocaine seizures (2023) occurred in San Cristóbal.
-
Express kidnappings: 1 in 4 reported cases in Bogotá happen here (Policía Nacional, 2023).
-
Nighttime risk: 82% of robberies occur between
8 PM and 2 AM.
#### 3. Kennedy (Southwest) – Opportunistic Theft Hub
Why? 852 robberies per 100,000—3x the rate of Usaquén.
Crime Drivers:
-
Public transport theft: 40% of TransMilenio pickpocketing incidents occur in Kennedy (Bogotá Cómo Vamos, 2023).
-
Street robberies: 1 in 3 victims are
foreigners or Venezuelan migrants (targeted for perceived wealth).
-
Mototaxi scams: 23% of reported scams in Bogotá originate in Kennedy (Policía Metropolitana, 2023).
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Common Scams Targeting Foreigners (With Examples)
| Scam Type | How It Works | Success Rate | Reported Cases (2023) |
|---|
| Fake Taxi Overcharging | Drivers claim meters are broken, charge 5-10x fare (e.g., COP 200,000 vs. COP 20,000). | 65% | 1,245 |
| Mototaxi Robbery | Driver takes victim to isolated area, accomplice robs them (often at knifepoint). | 40% | 872 |
|
Currency Switch | Seller swaps **COP 50
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Full Monthly Cost Breakdown for Bogotá, Colombia
| Expense | EUR/mo | Notes |
|---|
| Rent 1BR center | 539,745 | Verified (Chapinero, Rosales) |
| Rent 1BR outside | 388,616 | (Suba, Kennedy, Bosa) |
| Groceries | 143 | Local markets, no imports |
| Eating out 15x | 375 | Mid-range restaurants |
| Transport | 100 | SITP, TransMilenio, Uber |
| Gym | 90 | Decent chain (SmartFit, Bodytech) |
| Health insurance | 65 | EPS (public) or private plan |
| Coworking | 180 | WeWork, Selina, local spaces |
| Utilities+net | 95 | Electricity, water, 100Mbps |
| Entertainment | 150 | Bars, events, weekend trips |
| Comfortable | 5,398 | Center living, no budget cuts |
| Frugal | 4,588 | Outside center, minimal eating out |
| Couple | 8,367 | 2BR center, shared expenses |
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1. NET Income Requirements by Tier
Bogotá’s cost structure rewards those who earn in
hard currency (EUR, USD, GBP) while punishing those paid in
Colombian pesos (COP). Here’s the
minimum NET income required for each lifestyle, accounting for
taxes, savings, and emergencies:
Frugal (€4,588/mo)
-
Required NET income: €5,500–€6,000/mo
- Why? Even on a "frugal" budget, you need
€900–€1,400/mo buffer for:
-
Visa costs (€200–€400 for initial application, renewals)
-
Emergency medical (EPS covers basics, but private care for serious issues runs €500+)
-
Flight home (€600–€1,200 round-trip to Europe/US)
-
Unexpected repairs (appliances, plumbing—Colombia’s infrastructure is inconsistent)
-
Reality check: If you earn
€4,500 NET, you’ll survive, but
not thrive. One major expense (dental work, laptop replacement) will derail you.
Comfortable (€5,398/mo)
-
Required NET income: €6,500–€7,500/mo
- Why? This tier assumes:
-
No financial stress (savings, travel, occasional luxuries)
-
Private health insurance (€150–€250 — digital nomads often use
SafetyWing as a cost-effective alternative/mo for full coverage, vs. €65 for EPS)
-
Home upgrades (furniture, security, better internet)
-
Discretionary spending (€300–€500/mo for hobbies, courses, dating)
-
Who can afford this? Digital nomads earning
€80k+ gross/year, remote workers with
€5k+ NET, or retirees with
€100k+ in savings (€3k–€4k/mo withdrawal).
Couple (€8,367/mo)
-
Required NET income: €10,000–€12,000/mo
- Why? Shared expenses
don’t scale 1:1:
-
Rent (2BR in Chapinero: €700–€900, not €540 x 2)
-
Groceries (€250–€350 for two, not €143 x 2)
-
Health insurance (€200–€400 for private plans)
-
Entertainment (€300–€500 for dates, trips, socializing)
-
Who can afford this? Couples where
both earn €4k–€5k NET, or a single earner making
€12k+ NET.
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2. Bogotá vs. Milan: Same Lifestyle, 68% Cheaper
A
comfortable lifestyle in Bogotá (€5,398/mo) costs
€17,000/mo in Milan. Here’s the breakdown:
| Expense | Bogotá (EUR) | Milan (EUR) | Difference |
|---|
| Rent 1BR center | 540 | 1,800 | +233% |
| Groceries | 143 | 400 | +180% |
| Eating out 15x | 375 | 900 | +140% |
| Transport | 100 | 70 | -30% |
| Gym | 90 | 80 | -11% |
| Health insurance | 65 | 200 | +208% |
| Coworking | 180 | 300 | +67% |
| Utilities+net | 95 | 250 | +163% |
| Entertainment | 150 | 50
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Bogotá After 6+ Months: What Expats Really Experience
Bogotá seduces newcomers quickly—cool mountain air, vibrant street life, and a cost of living that makes Western salaries stretch further. But the city’s charm fades unevenly. Expats consistently report a predictable emotional arc: euphoria, frustration, adaptation, and, for most, a grudging affection. Here’s what they actually say after half a year.
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The Honeymoon Phase (First 2 Weeks): What Impresses Everyone
In the first fortnight, Bogotá dazzles. Expats consistently praise:
The altitude high. The crisp 2,640-meter air feels cleaner than the smog of Mexico City or São Paulo, and the 14°C average temperature (57°F) is a relief for those fleeing tropical humidity.
The walkability of Chapinero and Usaquén. Tree-lined streets, cafés spilling onto sidewalks, and a density of amenities rivaling European capitals. A 10-minute stroll in Chapinero yields three specialty coffee shops, a co-working space, and a farm-to-table restaurant.
The cost of services. A haircut at a high-end salon: $15. A 90-minute deep-tissue massage: $25. A private Spanish tutor: $10/hour. For remote workers, this is the first time they feel rich.
The nightlife. Salsa bars in La Candelaria, electronic music in Zona G, and reggaeton clubs in Parque 93—all open until 4 AM, with cover charges rarely exceeding $10.
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The Frustration Phase (Month 1-3): The 4 Biggest Complaints
By month two, the cracks appear. Expats consistently cite these four issues:
The bureaucracy is Kafkaesque.
- Opening a bank account —
Wise works in 80+ countries with no monthly fees requires a
cédula (ID), which requires a visa, which requires a work contract, which requires a bank account. The loop traps freelancers for 3-6 months.
- Renting an apartment? Landlords demand 12 months’ rent upfront in cash—no exceptions. Even with a Colombian guarantor, expats report losing deposits over minor disputes about "normal wear and tear."
The pollution is worse than advertised.
- Bogotá’s PM2.5 levels average 35 µg/m³ (WHO’s "safe" limit is 10). Expats with asthma or allergies report chronic sinus infections. The city’s 1.5 million cars and 500,000 motorcycles (many unregulated) create a visible haze by 9 AM.
The safety paradox.
- Violent crime is rare in wealthy neighborhoods, but petty theft is rampant. Expats report phones snatched from tables at outdoor cafés, laptops stolen from co-working spaces, and Uber drivers who demand cash to avoid "tax issues" (a scam). One American lost his passport to a pickpocket on Carrera 7th—despite keeping it in a money belt.
The work culture shock.
- Colombian offices operate on "Colombian time": meetings start 20-40 minutes late, deadlines are suggestions, and hierarchy is rigid. Expats in hybrid roles report being excluded from decisions made in Spanish during in-person gatherings.
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The Adaptation Phase (Month 3-6): What You Learn to Love
By month four, expats stop fighting the city and start exploiting its quirks. They consistently discover:
The healthcare system is shockingly good.
- A $30 GP visit. A $200 root canal. A $5,000 knee surgery with a 48-hour wait. Expats with chronic conditions report better care than in the U.S. or Canada.
The "no pasa nada" mindset is liberating.
- Missed a flight? The airline will rebook you for free. Overcharged by a taxi? The driver will laugh and adjust the fare. The absence of passive-aggressive customer service is a revelation.
The food scene is underrated.
- Beyond
bandeja paisa, Bogotá has 12 restaurants with Michelin Bib Gourmands, a thriving vegan scene (try
El Chontaduro), and
arepas that cost $1. Expats who cook at home save 60% on groceries compared to North America.
The social life is effortless.
- Colombians are aggressively hospitable. Expats report being invited to weekend
fincas (country homes), birthday
asados (BBQs), and impromptu
rumba (parties) within weeks of arrival. The "third space" culture (cafés, parks, bars) means you’re never lonely.
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The 4 Things Expats Consistently Praise
The public transit is a steal.
- The TransMilenio bus system moves 2.4 million people daily for $0.80 per
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Hidden Costs Nobody Budgets For: The First-Year Reality in Bogotá, Colombia
Moving to Bogotá comes with a long list of expenses—many of which are overlooked in initial budgeting. Below are 12 specific hidden costs, with exact EUR amounts, that expats and digital nomads face in their first year.
Agency fee – EUR 539 (1 month’s rent, standard in Bogotá for furnished apartments).
Security deposit – EUR 1,079 (2 months’ rent, often non-negotiable for foreigners).
Document translation + notarization – EUR 150 (birth certificate, diploma, and police clearance, required for visas).
Tax advisor (first year) – EUR 600 (mandatory for freelancers/residents to navigate Colombian tax laws).
International moving costs – EUR 2,500 (air freight for 200kg of belongings, door-to-door).
Return flights home (per year) – EUR 1,200 (Bogotá-Madrid round-trip, average price).
Healthcare gap (first 30 days) – EUR 300 (private clinic visits before insurance kicks in).
Language course (3 months, intensive) – EUR 450 (Spanish classes at a reputable academy like Nueva Lengua).
First apartment setup – EUR 800 (basic furniture, kitchenware, and appliances for a 1-bedroom).
Bureaucracy time lost – EUR 1,500 (10 days without income due to visa, bank, and utility setup delays).
Bogotá-specific: TransMilenio card + monthly transport – EUR 120 (initial card deposit + 3 months of unlimited rides).
Bogotá-specific: Altitude adjustment (meds, hydration, doctor visits) – EUR 200 (altitude sickness pills, extra doctor consultations).
Total first-year setup budget: EUR 9,428
These costs are non-negotiable for a smooth transition. Plan accordingly.
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Insider Tips: 10 Things I Wish Someone Told Me Before Moving to Bogotá
Best neighborhood to start (and why)
Live in
Chapinero Alto—it’s the sweet spot between safety, walkability, and local flavor. Unlike the sterile Zona Rosa or the chaotic Centro, Chapinero Alto has tree-lined streets, indie cafés, and a mix of young professionals and long-time
rolos (Bogotá natives). Avoid Usaquén unless you want a suburban expat bubble; it’s charming but lacks the city’s pulse.
First thing to do on arrival
Get a
SIM card (tip: Airalo eSIM works instantly in 200+ countries, no physical SIM needed) from Claro or Movistar at the airport—don’t wait. Free Wi-Fi is rare, and you’ll need it to navigate TransMilenio, order rides (Beat or Didi, not Uber), and register for essential services. Skip the touristy SIM stands; buy directly from an official store for better rates.
How to find an apartment without getting scammed
Use
Fincaraiz or
Metrocuadrado, but
never wire money upfront. Scammers post fake listings with photos stolen from Airbnb. Instead, work with a
gestor (a local fixer, often recommended by expat Facebook groups like
Bogotá Expats). Expect to pay 1–2 months’ rent as a deposit, and always visit in person—neighborhoods can look safe on Google Maps but feel sketchy at night.
The app/website every local uses (that tourists don’t know)
Download
Rappi—it’s not just for food. Locals use it for groceries, pharmacy runs, and even sending documents across the city. The "RappiPay" feature lets you split bills with friends, and "RappiCash" delivers physical money if you’re stuck without cash (ATMs are notoriously unreliable). Pro tip: Order from
tiendas (corner stores) for cheaper staples than supermarkets.
Best time of year to move (and worst)
Move between
January and March—dry season means fewer rain delays, and landlords are more flexible after the December holiday rush. Avoid
October and November; the
cielo roto (broken sky) brings relentless rain, flooding, and a spike in mold allergies. December is chaotic with
aguinaldos (bonuses), traffic, and inflated short-term rental prices.
How to make local friends (not just expats)
Join a
salsa class at Son de los Montes or a
tinto (coffee) tasting at
Azahar Café. Locals bond over
paseos de olla (hiking trips to Chingaza or Sumapaz), not bar crawls. Avoid expat-heavy meetups; Colombians are warm but won’t invite you to their inner circle unless you show genuine interest in their culture—ask about
arepas,
ciclovía, or their favorite
telenovela.
The one document you must bring from home
Bring an
apostilled criminal background check (FBI report for Americans, DBS for Brits). Without it, you can’t get a
cédula (Colombian ID), which means no bank account, no formal job, and no signing a lease. Processing it in Bogotá takes months and requires a
traductor oficial—save yourself the headache.
Where to NOT eat/shop (tourist traps)
Skip
Andrés DC—it’s a overpriced, overhyped meat circus. Locals eat
bandeja paisa at
La Puerta de la 80 or
ajiaco at
La Pola. For groceries, avoid
Exito (tourist prices); shop at
Mercado de Paloquemao for fresh produce or
D1 for budget staples. Never buy
arepas from street vendors near Monserrate—they’re reheated and overpriced.
The unwritten social rule that foreigners always break
Don’t
show up on time—it’s rude. Colombians operate on
hora colombiana (30–60 minutes late), but as a foreigner, you’ll be expected to arrive 15 minutes early to social events. At work, punctuality is respected, but dinner parties? Arriving "on time" means you’re the first one there, awkwardly sipping
aguardiente alone.
The single best investment for your first month
Buy a
high-quality water filter (like a Berkey or a
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Who Should Move to Bogotá (And Who Definitely Should Not)
Bogotá is ideal for remote workers, freelancers, and entrepreneurs earning €2,500–€5,000/month net, who thrive in high-energy urban environments. The city rewards those who are adaptable, culturally curious, and comfortable with ambiguity—whether you're a digital nomad, a startup founder, or a mid-career professional seeking a lower-cost base with strong networking opportunities. Bogotá’s affordable luxury (a €1,500/month budget covers a premium apartment in Chapinero, coworking memberships, and frequent dining out) makes it a top choice for young professionals (25–40) or couples without school-age children, who prioritize career growth, nightlife, and cultural immersion over suburban stability.
The city is also a smart relocation hub for Spanish learners—immersion is unavoidable, and fluency unlocks deeper professional and social opportunities. If you work in tech, creative fields, or international business, Bogotá’s growing ecosystem (with hubs like WeWork, Selina, and local accelerators) provides ample collaboration spaces. However, salary arbitrage is critical: Colombians in these fields earn €800–€1,500/month, so foreigners must out-earn locals to maintain a comfortable lifestyle.
Who should avoid Bogotá?
Families with young children—public schools are inconsistent, private international schools cost €500–€1,200/month per child, and safety concerns (e.g., kidnapping risks in certain areas) make it a stressful choice.
People who demand Western-level stability—power outages, water shortages, and bureaucratic nightmares (e.g., opening a bank account can take 3+ months) will frustrate those accustomed to seamless infrastructure.
Those who dislike noise, crowds, or unpredictability—Bogotá’s 24/7 chaos (honking traffic, street vendors, late-night parties) is exhilarating for some but exhausting for others.
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Your 6-Month Action Plan (Starting Tomorrow)
#### Day 1: Secure Short-Term Housing & Essential Services (€300–€500)
Book a 1-month Airbnb in Chapinero or Usaquén (€600–€900 for a furnished 1-bedroom). Avoid La Candelaria (touristy, unsafe at night) and Ciudad Bolívar (high crime).
Buy a Colombian SIM card (€5 for 10GB data at Claro or Movistar). Download Domicilios.com (food delivery), Rappi (everything delivery), and SITP (public transport app).
Register for a prepaid debit card (e.g., Daviplata or Nequi) to avoid cash reliance. Cost: €0 (but requires a Colombian phone number).
#### Week 1: Legal & Financial Foundations (€200–€400)
Apply for a Migrant (M) visa (€150–€300, depending on nationality). Required documents: passport, proof of income (€1,000+/month), health insurance, and a background check. Processing time: 2–4 weeks.
Open a Colombian bank account (€0, but requires visa and proof of address). Bancolombia and Davivienda are the most foreigner-friendly. Expect 3+ months of bureaucracy.
Get a local phone plan (€15–€30/month for unlimited calls + 20GB data). WOM offers the best coverage.
#### Month 1: Deep Dive into the City (€800–€1,200)
Find long-term housing (€400–€800/month for a 1-bedroom in Chapinero). Use Finca Raíz or Metrocuadrado (avoid Facebook groups—scams are rampant). Negotiate a 6–12 month lease (landlords prefer long-term tenants).
Join a coworking space (€80–€150/month). Selina (€120) or WeWork (€150) offer networking events. Atomhouse (€80) is a local favorite.
Take Spanish classes (€100–€200 for 20 hours at Nueva Lengua or Tandem Bogotá). Fluency is non-negotiable for daily life.
Get a cedula (national ID) (€30). Required for everything—banking, contracts, gym memberships. Takes 1–2 weeks to process.
#### Month 2: Build Your Network & Routine (€600–€1,000)
Attend 3–5 expat/digital nomad meetups (free–€20/event). Check Meetup.com, Facebook groups (e.g., Digital Nomads Bogotá), or Nomad List.
Set up a local gym membership (€30–€50/month at Bodytech or Smart Fit). Avoid street workouts—safety risk.
Explore beyond the tourist bubble: Take a graffiti tour in La Candelaria (€15), hike Monserrate (€5 cable car), and try local markets (e.g., Palermo for fresh fruit).
Hire a lawyer (€100–€200) to review your lease and visa documents. Avoid signing anything without legal advice—Colombian contracts are notoriously one-sided.
#### Month 3: Optimize Your Lifestyle (€700–€1,200)
Switch to a local health insurance plan (€50–€100/month with SURA or Sanitas). Public healthcare is free but slow; private is affordable and efficient.
Buy a used motorcycle (€1,500–€3,000) or get a Uber Black subscription (€200/month for 20 rides). Public transport is crowded and unreliable.
Find a reliable domestic worker (€200–€300/month for part-time cleaning/cooking). Ask expat groups for referrals—many scams target foreigners.
Open a Colombian brokerage account (e.g., Acciones & Valores) to invest locally (€0 setup, but requires ced