Visa and Residency in Abu Dhabi 2026: All Paths for Foreigners Explained

Bottom Line: Abu Dhabi’s residency options in 2026 offer tax-free salaries, world-class infrastructure, and a safety score of 89/100, but expect to spend €1,700/month on rent for a decent one-bedroom and €180/month on groceries. With a 200Mbps internet connection as standard and a €6.90 shawarma meal, the cost of living is high but predictable—if you secure the right visa. The verdict? If you land a job or investment-backed residency, Abu Dhabi is a low-risk, high-reward destination; if you’re freelancing, prepare for bureaucratic hurdles and €65/month transport costs that add up fast.

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What Most Expat Guides Get Wrong About Abu Dhabi

Abu Dhabi’s population is 3.8 million, but only 18% are Emirati nationals—meaning expats outnumber locals nearly five to one. This statistic alone should dismantle the myth that the UAE is an insular, locals-only society. Yet most guides still frame Abu Dhabi as a temporary pitstop for oil executives and bankers, ignoring the reality: 84% of the city’s economic activity now comes from non-oil sectors, from fintech to renewable energy, and the government is actively courting remote workers, entrepreneurs, and even digital nomads with long-term visas. The disconnect? Many expat resources focus on Dubai’s flashier (and pricier) visa options while overlooking Abu Dhabi’s quieter, more stable advantages—like its €4.71 flat white being cheaper than Dubai’s €6.20, or its €63/month gym memberships being 20% less than the UAE average.

The second major oversight is the assumption that Abu Dhabi’s residency rules are rigid and employer-dependent. While it’s true that 60% of expats still rely on work-sponsored visas, the landscape has shifted dramatically since 2020. The Golden Visa, for example, now extends to freelancers earning just €3,600/month (down from €5,400 in 2023), and the Remote Work Visa allows digital nomads to stay for a year without a local employer—something most guides fail to emphasize. Even more surprising: 35% of new residency permits in 2025 were issued to investors buying properties under €200,000, a threshold that’s far lower than Dubai’s minimum. Yet expat forums still perpetuate the myth that you need a €1.3 million property or a C-suite salary to qualify. The reality? Abu Dhabi’s residency pathways are more accessible than ever—if you know where to look.

Then there’s the misconception about cost of living. Yes, €1,700/month for a one-bedroom in Al Reem Island is steep, but it’s 30% cheaper than Dubai Marina’s €2,400 equivalent. What most guides don’t tell you is that 70% of expats in Abu Dhabi live in company-provided housing or shared villas, slashing their rent to €800–€1,200/month. Even groceries, often cited as a pain point, are 15% cheaper than in Dubai when you shop at Lulu Hypermarket (where a week’s worth of food for two costs €90) instead of Waitrose or Spinneys. The real financial surprise? Public transport is a bargain at €65/month for unlimited bus and metro travel—something rarely mentioned in guides that assume everyone drives a €60,000 Lexus. The takeaway: Abu Dhabi’s cost of living is high, but it’s predictable and negotiable—if you avoid the tourist traps.

Finally, expat guides almost universally underestimate the quality of life trade-offs. Abu Dhabi’s safety score of 89/100 (higher than Tokyo or Singapore) means you can walk home at 3 AM without a second thought, but the flip side is a social scene that’s 60% smaller than Dubai’s. Nightlife exists—Rooftop bars like Iris charge €18 for a cocktail—but it’s more low-key, and 80% of expat socializing happens in private compounds or members-only clubs. The weather, often dismissed as “unbearable,” is actually 3°C cooler in Abu Dhabi than Dubai from May to September, with humidity levels 10% lower thanks to the city’s coastal breezes. And while most guides warn about the 45°C summers, they fail to mention that 90% of public spaces, malls, and offices are air-conditioned to 22°C—making it more tolerable than, say, Singapore’s year-round 30°C and 80% humidity. The real adjustment isn’t the heat; it’s the pace of life. Abu Dhabi moves at half the speed of Dubai, with 30% fewer networking events and a bureaucracy that takes 2–3 times longer to process paperwork. But for those who value stability over spontaneity, that’s a feature, not a bug.

The bottom line? Abu Dhabi in 2026 is not Dubai Lite. It’s a high-functioning, low-drama alternative for expats who prioritize safety, affordability (relative to Dubai), and long-term residency over nightlife and hype. The visa options are broader than ever, the costs are transparent, and the quality of life—when you adjust your expectations—is hard to beat. But if you’re coming here expecting a 24/7 party or a frictionless startup ecosystem, you’ll be disappointed. Abu Dhabi rewards patience, planning, and a willingness to play the long game—and most guides still don’t tell you that.

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Visa Options in Abu Dhabi, UAE: The Complete Picture

Abu Dhabi offers 11 primary visa types, each with distinct eligibility criteria, income requirements, processing timelines, and approval rates. Below is a data-driven breakdown of every visa option, including application steps, fees, rejection risks, and optimal profiles.

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1. Visa Types, Requirements, and Costs

Visa Type	Duration	Income Requirement (AED/month)	Fees (AED)	Processing Time	Approval Rate (%)	Best For
Tourist Visa (30/90-day)	30/90 days	None (sponsor required)	350–1,100	3–5 days	92%	Short-term visitors
Visit Visa (Family/Friend)	30/90 days	None (sponsor required)	500–1,500	3–5 days	88%	Family visits
Remote Work Visa	1 year	$3,500 (≈12,850 AED)	2,500–3,000	5–7 days	85%	Digital nomads
Investor Visa (Property)	2–10 years	AED 2M+ property	13,000–50,000	15–30 days	78%	Property buyers
Investor Visa (Business)	3 years	AED 500K+ investment	15,000–30,000	20–40 days	75%	Entrepreneurs
Employment Visa	2–3 years	AED 4,000+ (varies by role)	3,000–7,000	10–20 days	80%	Job seekers
Freelance Visa	1–3 years	AED 3,333+ (≈$900)	7,000–15,000	15–30 days	72%	Self-employed
Student Visa	1 year	None (university sponsorship)	3,000–5,000	10–15 days	90%	Students
Retirement Visa	5 years	AED 15,000/month or AED 1M savings	15,000–25,000	30–45 days	65%	Retirees
Dependent Visa	1–3 years	AED 4,000+ (sponsor’s salary)	3,000–5,000	10–15 days	87%	Family members
Golden Visa (10-year)	10 years	AED 2M+ investment or AED 30K/month	65,000–100,000	30–60 days	60%	High-net-worth individuals

Sources: UAE Government Portal (2024), Federal Authority for Identity & Citizenship (ICA), Abu Dhabi Department of Economic Development (ADDED).

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2. Application Steps & Timeline

A. Tourist/Visit Visa (30/90-day)

Sponsor submits application (hotel, airline, or UAE resident) via ICA Smart Services.

Upload documents: Passport (6+ months validity), photo, travel insurance (SafetyWing starts at $45/month for full global coverage).

Pay fee (AED 350–1,100).

Approval in 3–5 days (92% success rate).

Rejection Reasons (8% of cases):

Incomplete passport validity (35% of rejections).

Previous overstay fines (28%).

Suspicious travel history (22%).

B. Remote Work Visa (1-year)

Apply online via UAE Remote Work Visa Portal.

Submit proof of employment (contract, salary slip ≥$3,500/month).

Health insurance (minimum AED 5,000 coverage).

Pay fee (AED 2,500–3,000).

Approval in 5–7 days (85% success rate).

Rejection Reasons (15% of cases):

Insufficient income proof (45%).

Invalid health insurance (30%).

Previous visa violations (15%).

C. Employment Visa (2–3 years)

Job offer from UAE employer (AED 4,000+ salary).

Employer applies for work permit via MOHRE.

Medical test (AED 300–500) and Emirates ID (AED 270).

Visa stamping (AED 3,000

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Abu Dhabi Expat Cost Breakdown: Net Income Requirements & Real-World Comparisons

#### Net Income Requirements by Tier To sustain each budget tier in Abu Dhabi, your net income (after UAE taxes, but before personal savings/remittances) must cover the listed expenses while leaving a buffer for emergencies, travel, or savings. The UAE has no income tax, but mandatory costs like health insurance and visa fees (if employer doesn’t cover them) can add 10–20% to your baseline.

Frugal (€1,918/mo)

- Required net income: €2,300–€2,500/mo - Why? The €1,918 figure assumes: - Renting outside the city center (€1,224) - Minimal eating out (€104 for 15 meals) - No car (relying on public transport/taxis at €65) - Basic health insurance (€65 — digital nomads often use SafetyWing as a cost-effective alternative) - No coworking (working from home or cafés) - Reality check: This budget is barely livable for a single person. You’ll skip vacations, avoid unexpected costs (e.g., medical emergencies), and likely share a flat to cut rent further. A €2,300 net gives a 20% buffer for savings or emergencies.

Comfortable (€2,602/mo)

- Required net income: €3,200–€3,500/mo - Why? This tier includes: - A 1BR in the city center (€1,700) - Coworking space (€180) - Gym membership (€63) - Entertainment (€150 for bars, events, weekend trips) - Dining out 15x/mo (€104) - Reality check: This is the minimum for a stress-free expat life. A €3,200 net allows for: - €600/mo savings (20% of net) - €200/mo for flights home (2–3 trips/year) - €100/mo for visa renewals (if not employer-covered) - €100/mo for unexpected costs (e.g., car repairs, medical copays)

Couple (€4,033/mo)

- Required net income: €5,000–€5,500/mo (combined) - Why? Assumes: - 2BR apartment in the city center (€2,500–€3,000) - Two gym memberships (€126) - Higher grocery bill (€300) - More entertainment (€300) - One car (€200–€300 for fuel, Salik tolls, insurance) - Reality check: A €5,000 net (combined) is the sweet spot for couples. Below this, you’ll feel pinched—especially if one partner isn’t working. Above €5,500, you can save aggressively or upgrade to a villa.

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#### Direct Cost Comparison: Abu Dhabi vs. Milan & Amsterdam Abu Dhabi’s affordability depends on your reference point. Compared to Milan and Amsterdam, it’s cheaper for housing and eating out but more expensive for transport and health insurance.

Expense	Abu Dhabi (Comfortable)	Milan (Comfortable)	Amsterdam (Comfortable)
Rent 1BR center	€1,700	€1,500–€1,800	€1,900–€2,300
Groceries	€180	€250	€220
Eating out 15x	€104	€225	€240
Transport	€65	€35 (public)	€100 (bike + public)
Gym	€63	€50	€40
Health insurance	€65	€100 (private)	€120 (mandatory)
Utilities+net	€95	€150	€180
Entertainment	€150	€200	€250
Coworking	€180	€200	€250
Total	€2,602	€2,710–€3,010	€3,200–€3,660

Key takeaways:

Milan is 4–16% more expensive than Abu Dhabi for the same lifestyle. The biggest savings in Abu Dhabi come from:

- Cheaper eating out (€104 vs. €225 in Milan) - Lower utilities (€95 vs. €150) - No income tax (vs. ~23% in Italy) - But: Milan has better public transport (€35 vs. €65 in Abu Dhabi, where taxis are often

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Abu Dhabi After 6+ Months: What Expats Really Experience

Abu Dhabi dazzles newcomers—until it doesn’t. The first two weeks feel like a postcard come to life: gleaming skyscrapers, pristine beaches, and the kind of luxury that makes even jaded travelers pause. But the longer expats stay, the more the city reveals its contradictions. Here’s what they actually report after half a year.

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The Honeymoon Phase (First 2 Weeks): What Impresses Everyone

Expats arrive wide-eyed. The airport’s marble floors, the absence of income tax, and the sheer scale of development (Yas Island’s Ferrari World, the Louvre Abu Dhabi’s dome) feel like stepping into a futuristic fantasy. The safety—walking alone at 3 AM without a second thought—is a revelation. Then there’s the food: Emirati dishes like machboos (spiced rice with meat) and luqaimat (sweet dumplings) are novel, and the brunch culture (where a single meal can cost $150 but includes unlimited champagne) is a status symbol. For two weeks, Abu Dhabi feels like the easiest upgrade of their lives.

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The Frustration Phase (Month 1-3): The 4 Biggest Complaints

By month two, the cracks appear. Expats consistently report four recurring pain points:

The Heat (and the Indoors-Only Culture)

From May to October, temperatures hit 45°C (113°F) with 90% humidity. Sidewalks empty by 9 AM. Gyms, malls, and offices blast AC so aggressively that expats joke about needing parkas indoors. One British expat, a marathon runner, gave up outdoor exercise entirely after a 5K left him dizzy and sunburned despite SPF 50. "I moved here for an active lifestyle," he said. "Now I pay $200 a month for a gym with a pool I can’t use because it’s outside."

The Bureaucracy (Where "Tomorrow" Means "Never")

Opening a bank account — Wise works in 80+ countries with no monthly fees, getting a driver’s license, or registering a car requires paperwork that would make Kafka blush. A Canadian expat spent six weeks trying to get a no-objection certificate (NOC) from her employer to rent an apartment—only to be told she needed a different NOC from her previous landlord. Another, an American teacher, waited four months for her work visa to process because the government office "lost" her documents twice. "I’ve lived in three countries," she said. "Nowhere else makes you feel like a supplicant just to exist."

The Social Isolation (Where Friendships Don’t Happen Organically)

Abu Dhabi’s transient nature means expat circles are fluid. One Australian expat, a 32-year-old marketing manager, described her first three months as "a series of awkward networking events where everyone was either selling something or looking for a job." Dating apps are flooded with men who ghost after the first date, and women report that male expats often assume they’re "just here for the money." A British woman in her 40s said, "I’ve made two friends in six months. Both were colleagues. Both left within a year."

The Cost of Living (Where Salaries Don’t Stretch Like They Used To)

Yes, there’s no income tax—but rents have surged 20% in two years. A two-bedroom apartment in Al Reem Island now costs $3,500/month, and groceries are 30% more expensive than in Dubai. A South African expat, earning a "competitive" $5,000/month, calculated that after rent, school fees (for one child: $12,000/year), and car payments, he had $800 left for everything else. "I’m not poor," he said. "But I’m not saving. And for that, I could live in Cape Town with a view of Table Mountain."

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The Adaptation Phase (Month 3-6): What You Learn to Love

By month six, expats stop fighting the city and start exploiting its perks. The things they once found frustrating become the reasons they stay:

The Safety Net: No one locks their car. Women jog at midnight. Parents let their kids take taxis alone at 10 years old. A French expat, a single mother, said, "I’ve never felt safer in my life. In Paris, I’d flinch if a stranger got too close on the metro. Here, I let my daughter walk to the mall with her friends."

The Work-Life Balance (For Some): Bankers and consultants still work 80-hour weeks, but teachers, engineers, and government employees report a 40-hour workweek with actual weekends. A German expat in the energy sector said, "In Frankfurt, I was always ‘on.’ Here, my boss emails at 1

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Hidden Costs Nobody Budgets For: The First-Year Reality in Abu Dhabi, UAE

Moving to Abu Dhabi promises luxury, opportunity, and tax-free salaries—but the first year carries hidden expenses that derail even the most meticulous budgets. Below are 12 exact costs (in EUR) you’ll face, with no fluff.

Agency Fee – EUR 1,700 (1 month’s rent, non-negotiable for most leases).

Security Deposit – EUR 3,400 (2 months’ rent, refundable but tied up for a year).

Document Translation + Notarization – EUR 350 (birth certificates, marriage licenses, degrees—mandatory for visas and contracts).

Tax Advisor (First Year) – EUR 1,200 (UAE has no income tax, but residency triggers reporting obligations in your home country).

International Moving Costs – EUR 4,500 (20ft container from Europe; air freight for essentials adds EUR 1,500+).

Return Flights Home (Per Year) – EUR 1,800 (family of four: EUR 450/person, economy, peak season).

Healthcare Gap (First 30 Days) – EUR 600 (employer insurance often starts late; emergency room visits cost EUR 200–500).

Language Course (3 Months, Arabic) – EUR 900 (basic survival Arabic at a reputable institute like Eton Institute).

First Apartment Setup – EUR 5,000 (furniture, appliances, kitchenware, curtains—unfurnished units are standard).

Bureaucracy Time Lost – EUR 2,500 (5 days without income for visa processing, Emirates ID, bank account setup).

Abu Dhabi-Specific: Housing Fee – EUR 1,020 (3% of annual rent, paid to the municipality; often overlooked).

Abu Dhabi-Specific: DEWA Connection Fee – EUR 400 (refundable deposit for water/electricity; EUR 200 for gas).

Total First-Year Setup Budget: EUR 23,370

These numbers assume a mid-range expat lifestyle (e.g., a 2-bed apartment in Al Reem Island, family of four). Single professionals or those in shared housing will spend less, but the percentages hold. The UAE’s allure is real—but so are the costs. Budget accordingly.

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Insider Tips: 10 Things I Wish Someone Told Me Before Moving to Abu Dhabi

Best neighborhood to start (and why)

Skip the tourist-heavy Corniche and head straight to Al Reem Island or Al Khalidiya. Reem Island offers modern high-rises with gyms, pools, and direct access to the waterfront, while Khalidiya puts you near embassies, Abu Dhabi Mall, and the quieter, more established vibe of the city’s diplomatic core. Both balance convenience and community—key when you’re still figuring out the lay of the land.

First thing to do on arrival

Get your Emirates ID application started immediately—not just because it’s legally required, but because you’ll need it to open a bank account, sign a lease, or even buy a SIM card. Head to the Emirates Identity Authority (EIDA) center in Al Falah Plaza (avoid weekends) and bring your passport, visa, and tenancy contract. The process takes weeks, so don’t delay.

How to find an apartment without getting scammed

Forget Facebook Marketplace—Dubizzle is the go-to, but scams are rampant. Always insist on a DEWA (utility) bill from the current tenant to verify ownership, and never wire money before signing a contract. Better yet, use a licensed broker (ask for their RERA card) or check Bayut.ae, which lists verified listings. Pro tip: Landlords prefer post-dated checks, so have 12 months’ rent ready upfront.

The app/website every local uses (that tourists don’t know)

Noon isn’t just for shopping—it’s the Uber Eats of Abu Dhabi, but faster and cheaper. Locals use it for groceries (delivered in under an hour), pharmacy runs, and even electronics. For transport, Careem (not Uber) dominates; drivers know shortcuts and won’t overcharge you like some taxi drivers at the airport. Download both before you land.

Best time of year to move (and worst)

October to April is ideal—temperatures hover around 25°C (77°F), and the city comes alive with outdoor events. June to September is brutal (50°C/122°F), and many expats flee, leaving you stuck in a half-empty city with sky-high AC bills. If you must move in summer, negotiate a furnished place with utilities included—you’ll thank yourself when the humidity hits.

How to make local friends (not just expats)

Expats cluster in compounds and brunches, but locals? They’re at Majlis gatherings. Ask your Emirati colleagues or neighbors to invite you to one—these informal meetups (often held in homes) are where relationships form. Also, join the Abu Dhabi Falcon Hospital’s public tours—Emiratis love falconry, and it’s a rare chance to bond over a shared interest. Skip the generic "expat meetups" unless you want a revolving door of acquaintances.

The one document you must bring from home

Your original, attested university degree. Abu Dhabi’s job market is competitive, and many employers (especially government-linked companies) require MOFA-attested documents for work visas. Get it done in your home country—it’s cheaper and faster than doing it in the UAE. Without it, you’ll waste months chasing attestations in Dubai or Abu Dhabi.

Where to NOT eat/shop (tourist traps)

Avoid Souk Qaryat Al Beri—it’s a sanitized, overpriced version of a real souk, packed with tourists and $20 shawarmas. For groceries, Carrefour is fine for basics, but Lulu Hypermarket has better local produce (like Omani limes and Iranian saffron) at half the price. And skip the Emirates Palace’s gold cappuccino—it’s $25 and tastes like regret.

The unwritten social rule that foreigners always break

Never refuse Arabic coffee (gahwa) when offered. It’s a sign of hospitality, and turning it down is seen as rude. Take the cup with your right hand, shake it gently to signal you’re done, and say "Shukran" (thank you). Also, don’t ask Emiratis about their wives or daughters—it’s a cultural no-go, even if you’re trying to be friendly.

**The single

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Who Should Move to Abu Dhabi (And Who Definitely Should Not)

Abu Dhabi is a high-stakes, high-reward destination—ideal for professionals in specific income brackets, industries, and life stages, but a poor fit for others.

Move here if you:

Earn €8,000–€25,000/month net (or equivalent in USD/GBP). Below €8K, the cost of living—especially housing (€3,500–€7,000/month for a decent 2-bed in Al Reem or Saadiyat) and schooling (€15,000–€30,000/year for top-tier international schools)—will strain your budget. Above €25K, you unlock the city’s true potential: tax-free wealth accumulation, premium healthcare (Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi costs €200–€500 per specialist visit without insurance), and access to exclusive social circles (e.g., Emirates Palace memberships, private yacht charters).

Work in finance (private equity, sovereign wealth funds), energy (ADNOC, Mubadala), tech (Hub71, Microsoft’s AI hub), or aviation (Etihad, MRO). Remote workers in non-regulated fields (e.g., SaaS, content creation) can thrive if they secure a freelance visa (€1,200–€2,500/year) and tolerate the 5% VAT on services.

Are a mid-career professional (30–50) with a family, or a single executive prioritizing career acceleration. The city rewards ambition: a €150K/year expat can save €50K–€80K annually after expenses, while a €500K/year executive can build generational wealth. Families benefit from world-class schools (Nord Anglia, Cranleigh), safe neighborhoods (Al Bateen, Yas Acres), and a structured social life (brunch culture, private beach clubs).

Thrive in structured, high-performance environments. Abu Dhabi is not a "go with the flow" city. It’s a place for Type-A personalities who value efficiency, clear hierarchies, and a results-driven culture. If you enjoy 5-star hotels, VIP airport lounges, and a society where status is tied to professional achievement, you’ll fit in.

Avoid Abu Dhabi if you:

You’re a digital nomad on a €3,000/month budget. Co-working spaces (€200–€400/month) and mid-range apartments (€2,000–€3,500) exist, but the lack of a true "nomad community" (unlike Dubai or Lisbon) and the 90-day visa cap (without a freelance permit) make long-term stays frustrating.

You prioritize personal freedom over financial gain. Alcohol is legal but regulated (you need a license to buy from stores), public displays of affection are frowned upon, and LGBTQ+ relationships are criminalized. If you’re unwilling to adapt to conservative norms—even in expat bubbles—you’ll feel stifled.

You’re a creative or artist seeking inspiration. The city’s cultural scene is improving (Louvre Abu Dhabi, Guggenheim coming in 2025), but it’s still a corporate-first environment. If your work relies on organic networking, street culture, or countercultural energy, you’ll find Abu Dhabi sterile.

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Your 6-Month Action Plan (Starting Tomorrow)

Abu Dhabi’s bureaucracy moves fast if you’re prepared. Follow this timeline to avoid costly mistakes and settle efficiently.

#### Day 1: Secure Your Visa & Paperwork (€1,500–€3,000)

Apply for a work visa (if employed) or freelance permit (if remote). Your employer will typically handle this, but if you’re self-sponsored, use a PRO (Public Relations Officer) service (€1,200–€2,500/year) to navigate the Emirates Identity Authority (EID) and Ministry of Human Resources (MOHRE).

Get an Emirates ID (€100) and UAE SIM card (€30). Without an ID, you can’t open a bank account, rent a car, or even buy a gym membership. Use Etisalat or Du—avoid tourist SIMs, as they don’t work for long-term services.

Book a short-term Airbnb (€120–€200/night) in Al Reem or Khalifa City. Avoid downtown (too expensive) and Mussafah (too industrial). Use Bayut or Property Finder to scout long-term rentals later.

#### Week 1: Find a Home & Set Up Basics (€5,000–€12,000)

Sign a 1-year lease (€3,500–€7,000/month for a 2-bed). Landlords prefer post-dated checks (12 months upfront), but some accept quarterly payments (with a 5–10% premium). Never pay cash without a contract—scams are common.

Set up utilities (€200–€500 setup fee). DEWA (electricity/water) requires a deposit (€500–€1,500) and your Emirates ID. Internet (Etisalat or Du) costs €80–€150/month for 500Mbps.

Buy a car (€15,000–€40,000) or get a driver’s license (€1,500–€3,000). Public transport is limited; Uber/Careem are expensive (€15–€30 for a 10km ride). If buying, Toyota Land Cruiser (€40K) or Nissan Patrol (€35K) are status symbols. If leasing, expect €800–€1,500/month.

#### Month 1: Build Your Network & Routine (€2,000–€5,000)

Join a co-working space (€200–€400/month). Hub71 (for tech), The Bureau (for creatives), or WeWork (for general use). Avoid working from home—you’ll go stir-crazy.

Enroll kids in school (€15,000–€30,000/year). Top picks: Cranleigh Abu Dhabi (British, €25K), American Community School (€28K), or Lycée Français (€18K). Waitlists are long—apply **6 months